Knockback

Knockback is the distance a character flies when hit by an attack in the Super Smash Flash series. It is measured in pps, or pixels per second. For example, 's fully charged forward smash in Super Smash Flash 2 does 9 pps of forward knockback to an opponent at 0% damage. A player can avoid receiving knockback when under the effects of invincibility, intangibility, or knockback resistance.

Conditions
This is a list of conditions the knockback of an attack depends on:
 * Current damage of the victim.
 * Current movement speed of the victim.
 * The damage dealt by the attack.

If the damage dealt on a character's attack matches the damage given by their, that attack will deal vertical knockback. Every character's up attack deals the same damage as their down aerial. Other attacks will inflict horizontal knockback.

Attacks with horizontal knockback will send enemies 3 knockback units forwards, and one unit upwards (about 18.435°); while attacks with vertical knockback will send enemies one knockback unit downwards (if said attack is a down aerial) or upwards (if said attack is not a down aerial). Attacks with vertical knockback will take the opponent's current movement speed into consideration when calculating the total knockback, sometimes resulting in an instant-KO.

Conditions
This is a list of conditions the knockback of an attack depends on:
 * Current damage of the victim.
 * Weight and gravity of the victim.
 * The staleness of the move used.
 * The Damage Ratio. The Damage Ratio is the multiplication of the knockback.

Knockback values
Each hitbox of a move has two knockback values: a base knockback and a knockback scaling (also known as knockback growth).

Base knockback is the minimum amount of knockback that an attack can deliver (in normal circumstances), and knockback scaling is a factor that controls how much knockback increases as damage increases. Moves with high base knockback deal high knockback under any circumstances, such as the swing of the Home-Run Bat. They additionally tend to be more effective at KOing when less knockback is needed (ex. light characters who are near the ledge or when an opponent is handicapped to sustain more knockback).

On the other hand, moves with high knockback scaling take less damage to reach KO potential, such as 's forward smash. They additionally tend to be more effective at KOing when the opponent requires more knockback to be KO'd (such as against heavier characters, when far away from a stage's blast line, or when an opponent is handicapped to sustain less knockback). Techniques such as Directional influence and Momentum canceling who help extend a players survival becomes less effective the stronger an attack's knockback scaling is.

Set knockback
Set knockback, sometimes referred to fixed knockback, is a property of some attacks where the knockback dealt by the attack is static. As such, it does not depend on the opponent's percentage. Some moves also deal set knockback based on a character's weight, called weight knockback.

List of set knockback attacks

 * Many s.
 * 's neutral aerial and forward aerial (weak hits).
 * 's down smash, and.
 * 's up smash (first hit).
 * 's forward smash (weak hits), and up smash (first hit).
 * 's up aerial (first hit) and.
 * 's.
 * 's down smash (weak hits).
 * 's down aerial and Vine.
 * 's dash attack (weak hits), down aerial, and Inhale.
 * 's down aerial (weak hits).
 * 's up throw, (weak hit), dash attack (weak hits),and.
 * 's down aerial,, and Cape.
 * 's Shadow Clone Slash.
 * 's up throw.
 * 's forward aerial (weak hits), and Quick Attack.
 * ' forward aerial and up aerial (weak hits), and forward smash (first hit).
 * 's up smash (first hit).
 * 's up smash and down smash (weak hits).
 * 's up aerial (first hit), and.
 * 's down smash, and Chomp.
 * 's up smash (weak hits).

No knockback
No knockback, as the name says, are attacks that do damage, but deal zero knockback. These attacks are normally used to damage the opponent without making them flinch, but the opponent is still able to move freely while they are being attacked.

List of no knockback attacks

 * 's.
 * 's Mega Buster (level 1, late hit).

Formula
The knockback formula used in Super Smash Flash 2 is the same one used in Super Smash Bros. Brawl and Super Smash Bros. Melee. However, due to the two games having a different coordinate space, the devs have to scale things differently.

Variables
If the move has a weight-based knockback value set (so the move deals set knockback), then d is set to that value, and p is always 10.
 * p is the percentage of the target, counted after the attack's damage is added.
 * d is the damage the attack dealt.
 * w is the weight of the target.
 * s is the attack's knockback scaling (also known as knockback growth) divided by 100 (so a scaling of 110 is input as 1.1).
 * b is the attack's base knockback.
 * r is a ratio based on a number of factors, including:
 * Difficulty
 * Handicap
 * Smash charge interruption bonus